How Votes Are Counted on Election Day

After the polls close on  Election Day, the task of counting the votes begins. Each city and state use a different method to collect and tabulate ballots. Some are electronic, others paper-based. But the process of counting votes is generally the same no matter where you live and vote. Preparations As soon as the last voter has voted, the election judge at each polling place makes sure poll workers have sealed all of the ballot boxes and then sends the sealed ballot boxes to a central vote-counting facility. This is usually a government office, like a city hall or county courthouse. If digital voting machines are used, the election judge will send the media on which the votes are recorded to the counting facility. The ballot boxes or computer media are usually transported to the counting facility by sworn law enforcement officers. At the central counting facility, certified observers representing the political parties or candidates watch the actual vote counting to make sure the count is fair. Paper Ballots In areas where paper ballots are still used, election officials manually read each ballot and add up the number of votes in each race. Sometimes two or more election officials read each ballot to ensure accuracy. Since these ballots are filled out manually, the voters intention can sometimes be unclear. In these cases, the election judge either decides how the voter intended to vote or declares that the ballot in question will not be counted. The most common problem with manual vote counting is, of course, human error. This can also be an issue with punch card ballots, as youll see. Punch Cards Where punch card ballots are used, election officials open each ballot box, manually count the number of ballots cast, and run the ballots through a mechanical punch card reader. Software in the card reader records the votes in each race and prints out totals. If the total number of ballot cards read by the card reader does not match the manual count, the election judge can order the ballots recounted. Problems can occur when the ballot cards stick together while being run through the card reader, the reader malfunctions, or the voter has damaged the ballot. In extreme cases, the election judge can order the ballots to be read manually. Punch card ballots and their infamous hanging chads led to the controversial vote count in Florida during the 2000 presidential election. Digital Ballots With the newer, fully computerized voting systems, including optical scan and direct recording electronic systems, the vote totals may be transmitted automatically to the central counting facility. In some cases, these devices record their votes on removable media, such as hard disks or cassettes, which are transported to the central counting facility for counting. According to the Pew Research Center, nearly half of all Americans use optical-scan voting systems, and about a quarter use direct-recording voting machines. Like any electronic device, these voting machines are vulnerable to hacking, at least in theory, experts say. But as of August 2017, there is little to no evidence suggesting that hacking has occurred. Recounts and Other Issues Whenever the results of an election are very close, or problems have occurred with the voting equipment, one or more of the candidates often demand a recount of the votes. Some state laws call for mandatory recounts in any close election. The recounts may be done by a manual hand-count of ballots or by the same type of machines used to make the original count. Recounts do sometimes change the outcome of an election. In almost all elections, some votes are lost or incorrectly counted due to voter mistakes, faulty voting equipment, or errors by election officials. From local elections to presidential elections, officials are constantly working to improve the voting process, with the goal of making sure that every vote is counted and counted correctly. Of course, there remains one absolutely certain way to make sure your vote will not be counted: dont vote. Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting Since Special Counsel Robert Mueller issued his â€Å"Report on the Investigation Into the Russia Interference in The 2016 Presidential Election† in March 2019, the U.S. House of Representative has passed legislation intended to reform the voting process and protect future elections. While the Senate Judiciary Committee has advanced two similar bipartisan bills on election security, they have yet to be debated by the full Senate. In addition, several states have announced plans to replace their current voting machines and computerized vote counting systems with more modern and hacker-proof equipment before the 2020 presidential election. According to a report by the Brennan Center for Justice, local election officials in 254 jurisdictions across 37 states plan to purchase new voting equipment in the â€Å"near future.† Election officials in 31 of the 37 states hope to replace their equipment before the 2020 election. In 2002, Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) allocating $380 million to help states strengthen their election security.

Essay Beloved Of The Golden Jubilee Of Our Indian...

Jubilee Article 2014 Dearly beloved in Christ, As we are merely weeks away from celebrating the advent of the Golden Jubilee of our Indian Orthodox Christendom, we must not forget those humble roots that we stand on. There isn’t a greater time than this to remember those who dreamt of a glorious tomorrow and planted their footprints for the benefit of future generations; there isn’t a greater time than this to recognize those who identified said footprints and laid out the path for all of us to follow; therefore, let us do just that. Now is also the perfect time to accept that not many of us can claim to be architects to the grandeur of this community. We are nothing but construction workers, building on a foundation that has long been†¦show more content†¦When God led the Israelites into the â€Å"Promised Land† of Canaan, Joshua, divided the land among all the families of Israel. For the sake of ensuring order among the budding community of Israelites, God gifted them with the Law of Jubilee. Almos t all â€Å"Laws† of the Lord are thoroughly recorded in the book of Leviticus; the content is directed to teach an uncivilized population, namely the Israelites, the basics of holy living. The ‘Law of the Jubilee’ is recorded in Leviticus 25:8-13: â€Å"You shall count off seven weeks of years, seven times seven years, so that the period of seven weeks of years gives forty-nine years. Then you shall have the trumpet sounded loud; on the tenth day of the seventh month—on the Day of Atonement—you shall have the trumpet sounded throughout all your land. And you shall hallow the fiftieth year and you shall proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you: you shall return, every one of you, to your property and every one of you to your family. That fiftieth year shall be a jubilee for you: you shall not sow, or reap the after growth, or harvest the unpruned vines. For it is a jubilee; it shall be holy to you: you shall eat only what the field itself produces. In this year of jubilee you shall return, every one of you, to your property.† Because all the land belongs to God, no Israelite was allowed to sell his land permanently. All land sales were temporary; these sales are more familiar

Organizational Paradigms Essay - 2620 Words

ORGANIZATIONAL PARADIGMS Organizational Paradigms: Rational, Natural and Open Systems University of Phoenix Organizational Paradigms: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems What are organizations? How do we construct successful organizations? What is the most effective organizational structure or culture? Jones (2007) defines an organization as a tool individuals use to coordinate actions in an effort to achieve goals. â€Å"Organizational culture is a by-product of the interaction between employer and employee† (Baker, 2009, p.28). The culture, values and objectives of the organization are established by organizational leaders. According to Ohm (2006), â€Å"it is the set of unspoken interactions, relationships and expectations†¦show more content†¦Wal-Marts’ supply chain management system decreased time and excess costs causing it to be the envy of the industry. Natural Systems Contributions to the natural perspective of organizations came from various schools of thought. Theorist viewed organizations as social systems, in which individuals within the organization were viewed as effective contributors. The Cooperative System concept developed by Chester Barnard suggested that the contributions of individuals were integrated within organizations (Scott Davis, 2007). The belief was that motivated individuals worked collectively to achieve the defined goals of the organization. Selznick’s institutional approach, which characterized organizations as adaptive organisms, believed that environmental changes impacted organizational structure and design. Parson’s AGIL Schema was designed to be applied to social systems. The basic needs outlined in the model are adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency. â€Å"Parsons’s framework emphasizes a set of functional needs that all social systems must satisfy in order to su rvive† (Scott et al, 2007, p.79). Organizational leaders develop specific goals and objectives, but the overall behavior of the individuals within the organization are not guided by them. â€Å"Similarly, formal role definitions and written rules may have been developed, but all too frequently they exhibit little or no influence on the behavior of members† (Scott Davis, 2007, p. 29).Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Paradigm2960 Words   |  12 PagesOrganizational Paradigms Introduction The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the three predominant organizational paradigms; rational, natural and open systems. Each paradigm has its own unique characteristics and understanding these paradigms can best be understood through real-life examples of the paradigms in use. Before the paradigms are described and related, the term organization and organizational theory must be defined. Definitions Applying a specific definitionRead MoreAccounting Cases- Kaplan1159 Words   |  5 Pagesthe accounting system together to ensure the most beneficial decisions for a company. Question 1.2 The best combination of paradigms for the 21st century as Ferrara sees it is a combination of Paradigms C and D. This may even be amplified by adding elements of Paradigm B. Although Paradigm D is effective and efficient it is not sufficient alone. Paradigm D uses the concept of price led costing and focuses on the issue of continuous improvement but it does not take into consideration theRead MoreEffectiveness Of A Competitive Advantage1156 Words   |  5 Pagesmore recent publications, some authors have defined agility to include whole-body change of direction as well as rapid movement and direction change of limbs (Baechle, 1994; Draper Lancaster, 1985). 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Work with a small group of your classmates to identify a local competitor business of Coopers that is bound by a paradigm. What impact is this paradigm having on the business? Identify the paradigm and then generate as many creative suggestions as you can that would change the paradigm. 5 6. After doing your research what do you do toRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Leadership Theories1636 Words   |  7 Pageshave caused paradigms in leadership theories (Badshah, 2012). The relationships involving the interactions between leaders and followers has been altered and transformations have occurred. For example, through the phenomena of leadership there has been changes from the viewpoint of leadership centric approach in the past to were followers today having added power, authority, and influence over their superiors (Kellerman, 2008). Additionally, leadership, in general, has had a paradigm shift whichRead MoreDavid A. Thomas and Robin J. Elys Three Paradigms of Diversity756 Words   |  4 PagesRobin J. Elys three paradigms of diversity focuses on: (1) discrimination and fairness, (2) access and legitimacy, and (3) learning and effectiveness paradigm as shown. Most people assume that workplace diversity is about increasing racial, national, gender, or class representation - in other words, recruiting and retaining more people from traditionally underrepresented identity group. [1] This is true for both discrimination and fairness and access and legitimacy paradigms. Although these twoRead MoreThe Importance Of Serving As A Naval Officer838 Words   |  4 Pagesmade. What I understand know, after reading Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1996) was that his paradigm about discipline was different from mine. In fact, our paradigms were what Kuhn (1996) describes as incommensurable. The idea of incommensurability accounts for the different way that my commander and I viewed the world (Kuhn, 1996). Our paradigms about discipline were so different that we could not even really have a conversation about it without one of us getting angryRead MoreHofstede s Five Dimensions Of Culture Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesto adapt to new environments in order to become competitive (E. Bueno 1999.). This period is distinguished because it considers intangibles as the main assets of the organizations (A. Brooking 1997.), among which it is possible to include the organizational culture (J. B. Barney 1986) and knowledge management (I. Nonaka and H. Takeuchi 1995.) It starts from the premise that culture is oriented toward the achievement of the objectives set by the organization (D. Denison, 2000.). Moreover, it is important

Healthcare Delivery For Persons With Mental Illness

Healthcare delivery for persons with mental illness is complex and many barriers exist that prevent patients from receiving quality care such as homelessness, substance abuse, imprisonment, stigma, accessibility, and cost. A review of the history of mental health, an examination of past and future laws, and an assessment of what the barriers to achieving mental health wellness are, will help to improve awareness and promote better treatment solutions for those afflicted by mental illnesses. Important Historical Perspectives of the Topic The history of mental illness is nothing short of horrific, as torture and abuse overshadow it. In prehistoric times, the cure for mental illness was trepanation, which was drilling holes into the afflicted†¦show more content†¦The NIMH also conducted a study involving adequacy and mental health issues. The intent of the centers was to establish a way for patients to receive treatment while working and living at home. Unfortunately, there were no clear policies on how to implement community centers or what these centers should offer before President Kennedy’s assassination occurred. Therefore, the full enactment that Kennedy wished to implement never reached what he had intended. Consequentially, only half of the proposed centers were built and none received full funding. In addition, the money provisions granted were not for long-term treatments. Some states only saw this as an opportunity to close expensive state hospitals and the states never spent the money on com munity-based care. Nevertheless, in 1965, after the adoption of Medicaid, deinstitutionalization dramatically increased (Feldman, 2003). Then, during the Reagan administration, the remaining Community Health Act funding turned into mental health block grants for states instead. Since the enactment of the Community Health Act, the funding for state hospitals has declined by ninety percent. 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911 and Pearl Harbor Free Essays

Two Dark Days Pearl Harbor changed the lives of Americans; decades later 9/11 affected a new generation of Americans. Comparing Pearl Harbor and 9/11, written by Fred L. Borch points out inaccuracies of the comparisons that numerous individuals have made between 9/11 and Pearl Harbor. We will write a custom essay sample on 911 and Pearl Harbor or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author gives a unique perspective that has partial inaccuracies under the topics; whether or not 9/11 was an intelligence failure, was American unprepared, and military responsibilities. The author uses various facts and statics to support his cause, some creditable, some not. December 7, 1941 and September 11, 2001 are two of the darkest days in American History essay writer dubai. The attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 a. m. when 353 Japanese aircrafts dropped bombs on the U. S pacific fleets (Borch 846). With 2, 403 dead, 1,178 wounded, and eight battle ships sunk or damaged and 165 aircraft destroyed, the Japanese had succeeded on their attack. With their success the Japanese only lost a few ships and aircraft, and only 185 were killed or wounded. On December 16, 1941 the joint congressional committee declared that Admural E. Kimmel and Lieutenant general Walter c. hort failed to prepare Americans at Pearl Harbor for the attack of the Japanese. On September 11, 2001 most of us were sitting in class while 19 members of Al Quida boarded four commercial airlines, intending to take over and crash all four planes into traditional American landscapes. The first plane to crash, crashed into the north tower of the world trade center. Shortly after a second p lane crashed into the south tower of the world trade center. An hour later a third plane struck the pentagon, destroying a portion of the building (Borch 847). The fourth plane crashed into a ruel area of southeast Pittsburgh (Borch 847). By 12:00 p. m. there were 2,823 killed in Manhattan and 189 in Washington, D. C. Days after the attack the U. s government identified Osama bin laden and his Al Queda as responsible for the attacks. All 19 Al queda high jackers had entered the United States legally. They had student and tourist visas’. They tried to blend into American life; they took flying training at civilian pilot schools (Borch 847). This helped them pilot the planes after they killed commercial pilots. As we continue to blame bin laden for the attacks, he has never claimed responsibility for it, but has released video tapes praising the 9/11 high jackers. He has also threatened more attacks against America. The author raises the question â€Å"was intelligence failure the reason for these attacks. He states that they knew a war with Japan was highly likely. This fact was backed up by a message received saying â€Å"this dispatch is to be considered a warning, negotiation with Japan†¦. have ceased and an aggressive move by Japan is expected with the next few days. † Also after taking command Kimmel and Short were informed that if an attack occurred it would most likely be an air bombing attack. Borch states that if the Japanese diplomatic messages would have been decrypted, it would have shown there was going to be an attack occurring on December 7, 1941. He also says there was a lack of strategic intelligence. There was a 75 minute tactical warning, when the sinking of Ward, at the mouth of the harbor. Borch said could have made a difference, if Kimmel and Short would have acted upon that warning. Also at 7:02 a. m. radar detected a large number of aircraft approaching Oahu. Both of these warnings were missed. He says that Kimmel and his staff were still arguing about the significance of the wards attack, when the first bombs were dropped on Oahu. As for 9/11 they could have seen it coming because of the previous attacks of the world trade center in 1993, the bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, in 2000, and other events. The federal Bureau of investigation and others knew there was going to be an attack on an U. S target. But says no information had been collected that could directly point to the Al Queda attacking the world trade center. Both events were said to have no information that existed that a terrorist attack was about to happen. The closest thing that could have helped was the message sent to Pearl Harbor, which was not decrypted. And although there was no imminent proof of both attacks, Kimmel and Short had more information available to them than those of 9/11. With 9/11 no one knew the terrorist themselves learned how to pilot a commercial aircraft there was no tactical warning of the Al Queda attacking. When the first plane crashed into the world trade center, many thought it was an accident. No one knew that terrorist had taken over American and United Airline flights until their suicide mission was too far along to stop (Borch 851). To me there are some difficulties with some of the evidence the author uses, mainly because he uses his opinions. For instance when he says that no one had any evidence about 9/11, false! The 9/11 commission report is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. One of the things the commission reported states is that they had evidence that several of the 9/11 hijackers passed through Iran, and indicates that officials in Iran did not place entry stamps in their passports. This and other evidence told there was going to be an attack on the United States. So we did have the intelligence to prevent it, we just didn’t have to funding or resources. Borch says that we couldn’t have collected more information about the attacks and we didn’t have that much information in the first place. But with my prior knowledge and after reading his opinion, it raises the question on how much did they really know? I mean just a few days after the attack they already had suspects! This brings my attention to how secretive the government really is. Granted, they can’t release a lot of information in the fact that half America would go into panic. But as for 9/11 being intelligence failure I would have to disagree. True we didn’t know what day it would happen or how. But with the evidence we did have and the conspiracies, we could have better prepared for it. On the other hand we has Americans have a certain way we do things, and the American way is we can’t do anything till something happens. This brings up the authors next topic which is â€Å"was American unprepared? † Borch states that if Kimmel and Short could have prepared their troops better for this kind of attack. And in turn, might have prevented the attack from happening. Now the unpreparedness regarding 9/11 concerns only what could have been done to prevent a terrorist attack. The unpreparedness of Pearl Harbor existed because of Kimmel and Short. Some reasons would be they were not conducting long-range reconnaissance with the ships and aircrafts, had not integrated their command and control structures, failed to take passive defensive measures, and last has not instilled in their commands a sense of urgency or realization that war was upon them (Borch 855). Kimmel had forgotten to order the placement of torpedo netting around the ships and short rejected the use of barrage balloons over the harbor. They say both these measures would have decreased the damage caused by the Japanese. What we could have done to prevent 9/11 was to increase security at U. s airports, place â€Å"sky marshals† on all airline flights, train pilots and aircrews to resist rather than cooperate with high jackers and last infiltrate terrorist cells (Botch 856). Borch makes a very bold argument here. I do agree with him and in what they could have done to prevented these events from happening. But as I said before we are Americans’ and our way is we can’t do anything till something happens. Now, Borch says that attack on Pearl Harbor was because of Kimmel and Short had not taken adequate measures to prevent the attack. Just the fact that they were not ready because â€Å"had not taken prudent defensive measures either to repel an attack or to mitigate its effects on their commands† (Borch 858). Personal responsibility is said to be the failure at Pearl Harbor, 9/11 was said to be systemic. Rather a lack of preparedness of September 11, 2001 by the commercial airline security. They did not take the adequate steps to prevent a terrorist attack. Again the author actually has a very bold and logical argument on this topic. He uses logically reasoning in what Pearl Harbor and 9/11 could have done to better prepared, and in turn might have prevented, the attacks on Pearl Harbor and the world trade center. Military responsibility may have been a factor in these two events. With Pearl Harbor Kimmel and Short were to blame. Though they couldn’t have prevented the attack, their failure to prepare an adequate defense makes them-at least partly responsible for what happened (Borch 858). As for 9/11 the men and woman running the FFA and the airlines knew that commercial aircraft were vulnerable to domestic hijacking (Borch 857). They could have expanded security. But that would have cost a lot of money. And as I said before, Americans knew we needed the increased security, but weren’t willing to spend that kind of money. Some thought if they increased security, business would go down. As mentioned before we could have done some things that might have prevented an terrorist attack, but as for 9/11 it was an highly unfortunate event for American, that was conducted carefully and quite brightly by 9 Al Queda. The article as a whole was interesting to read. I don’t agree with everything he mentions because of the fact that it is his opinion, not facts. He gives a few bold statements, as I mentioned before. Borch could have improved this article by organizing it better and make it easier to follow. Instead of jumping from 9/11 to Pearl Harbor over and over, he could have found a better way to do that. Pearl Harbor and 9/11 are both unfortunate events that is a big a part of our history. As my generation experienced 9/11 and our great grandparents and maybe grandparents experienced Pearl Harbor, there are questions that will forever go unanswered. A lot of questions I now have arose after reading this article. Will American learn from their mistakes? Will we think about the blood of innocent lives that was shed in a terrorist attack that may could have been prevented, but we as American’s were too greedy to spend money on increased security. Basically I believe the whole topic of this is that we has American’s have the intelligence but don’t have the funding or resources. And we don’t want to do anything till something happens. But the question is how many more times are we going to have to sit back and watch our fellow Americans bury their sons and daughters, and watch as what was once a famous landscape come falling to the ground 100 ft. in front of us, before we do something logical and not do something that is not out of our budget. How to cite 911 and Pearl Harbor, Papers

Maestro and the distinctively visual free essay sample

Through the exploration of the texts Maestro, by Peter Goldsworthy, and The Falling Man, by Richard Drew, the emergence of imagery deciphers and projects the varying meanings of each text. Through distinctively visual language features in the novel Maestro, images are created which help convey the major theme of the text; relationships. This is contrasted by the visual techniques in the image of The Falling Man, capturing a moment of terror in history. Both texts similarly consist of the raw and honest effects of war on humanity. Goldsworthy uses the characterisation of Keller and his relationship with Vienna to capture the effects of war; the Holocaust. Knowledge of this historical context allows responders to understand why Keller is so reserved and unwilling to talk of his past. Goldsworthy uses Keller as a symbol of the effects of war on humanity and of loss. It is evident through the photograph of his family that war brings the loss of people’s most cared-about things in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Maestro and the distinctively visual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The use of emotive language as Keller picks up the picture creates empathy in the responder and allows people to relate to the destruction of relationships by one means or another. The fact that Keller has no little finger is a symbolic gesture of defiance of war. Paul’s description: â€Å"A gold ring on the stump seemed to deliberately flaunt its absence†. This is creates a very confronting image, and is enhanced later in the novel where it is told that Keller cut it off himself in retaliation to playing piano for Hitler. The effects of war are also a prominent in the image, The Falling Man, relating to the September 11 terror attacks. The use of colour, the contrast of light and dark shadows, immediately is symbolic of two sides; of good against evil; binary opposites. This is in contrast to Goldsworthy using language which creates the most colourful and lively images to convey his message. The word â€Å"Falling† in the title is not only a representation of the towers falling and the man falling, but also the effect the whole event had on society. America, at that moment, ‘fell’. Individual lives destroyed; families no longer intact; the whole world came to a standstill. The idea of innocent lives copping the major effects of war is reflected in Maestro through Keller’s wife and child. The man in the centre is the salient image, therefore immediately drawing the viewer’s eyes to him. This intentional use of framing highlights the man’s significance; he is a symbol of each and every life that was lost during the 9/11. Both texts create incredibly realistic images which capture the way in which war impacts on human kind. A common ideal in both texts is the aspect of choice. Keller’s choice to live and teach in Darwin is highlighted through Paul’s words â€Å"†¦money was the least of his worries. Clearly he didn’t have to teach. His contempt was fuelled by feelings far more complicated and contradictory than I had thought†¦ His exile was chosen, not forced upon him. † This ideal of choice is also reflected in The Falling Man through his body language and clothing. The way his body is positioned and his posture gives an illusion of peace and serenity. The white clothing further symbolises innocence and purity. Hence both texts portray people who have chosen their own ending; another clear defiance of war.

DSL Essay Research Paper Digital Subscriber LineDigital free essay sample

DSL Essay, Research Paper Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Line new engineering that takes advantage of standard Cu telephone line to supply secure, dependable, high-velocity Internet entree. DSL refers to the household of digital subscriber line engineerings, such as ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL. Connection velocity for DSL ranges from 1.44 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and around 128 Kbps upstream. Unlike traditional connexions DSL such as parallel modems and IDSN, DSL deliver uninterrupted? ever on? entree. That means multimedia-rich web sites, electronic mail, and other online applications are available anytime. DSL makes it possible for you to stay on-line even while you? re speaking on the telephone-without endangering the quality of either connexion. DSL is available in a spectrum of velocities. Some are best place usage, while others are designed to suit strict concern demands. Whether for concern or the place, DSL, offers unexcelled price/performance value compared to other online options. There are the five facts that one should cognize about DSL. We will write a custom essay sample on DSL Essay Research Paper Digital Subscriber LineDigital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is unusually fast. With DSL service, you can profit from Internet velocities that are up to 12 proceedingss faster than a typical ISDN connexion and 50 times faster than traditional 28.8 Kbps modems. This means that in the 12 seconds it takes to read this information, you could hold downloaded a 2 M presentation file or web exposure. It would take 10 more proceedingss ( 600 more seconds! ) to download the same with a traditional 28.8 Kbps. It? s extremely dependable. One can depend on DSL because its proved engineering takes full advantage of the bing telecommunications substructure. It? s inherently unafraid. DSL web provides a dedicated Internet connexion via private telephone wires, you can short-circuit dial-up interlopers or shared web hackers. Unlike traditional dial-upp modems or overseas telegram modems. DSL protects your valuable informations with the most unafraid connexion available. It? s surprising low-cost. DSL is widely recognized as the most cost-efficient connectivity solution for little buisness. DSL delivers industrial- strength like velocity to multiple users at merely 25 % of typical TI costs. There is no better monetary value option available. DSL is besides an exceeding value for place users. At about $ 2 a twenty-four hours for services that meets the demands of most people. The connexion is ever on. It? s ready to run every minute of the twenty-four hours. There? s no more logging on and off. No more busy signals or gulfs. This gives you the freedom to concentrate on what you want to carry through on line instead than concentrating on seeking to acquire connected. In fact, you can be more merchandise ive because the power and immediateness of the cyberspace is continuously available at your fingerprints. DSL is a web entree engineering that telephone companies have been proving and polishing since the beginning of the decennary. It has alone advantages that it can supply high velocity digital transmittal over 750 million ordinary phone lines that make up our communicating substructure. Speed384 Kbps128 Kbps28.8 Kbps 2 Mb image files72 seconds3.6 minutes15.9 proceedingss 72 MB video43 minutes2.2 hours9.6 ours DSL enables today? s users to derive uninterrupted entree to the Internet or corporate Local Area Neworks ( LANs ) at an astonishing rate of 25 times to 100 times faster than the 56.6 kbits per seconds modems. DSL modems usage sophisticated digital cryptography techniques that squeezes up to 99 % or more capacity out of an ordinary phone line, doing a super-fast web entree possible. DSl was originally developed to back up picture on demand services that telephone companies planned to offer to vie with overseas telegram companies. However most companies have backed away from these services. Alternatively, DSL? s high velocity capacity have made it the engineering of pick for the bulk of the lines leased by big corporation for private voice and informations webs. DSL comes in many different assortments: ADSL Asymmetric or Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line service transmits faster on way ( 1.544 Mbps downstream to the house ) than the other ( 384 Kbps to the the telephonw company? s CO ) . ADSL bases services offer high power Internet users who want to download big files and other resources from the Web in less clip than it usually would. SDSL Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ( besides know as the individual line ) provides 144 Kbps of bandwidth in both waies. SDSL? s is cheaper than other services provided by DSL. It has the ability to transportations information in both waies. It? s ideal for most buisness applications, including internet entree, or linking distant offices of big corporations. IDSL ISDN Digital Subscriber line service is designed to suit users that already invested in ISDN. This is buisness oriented service, it provides ISDN signalling at 144 Kbps over a DSL circuit. It plugs into bing ISDN equipment a local bearer? s CO. HDSL High velocity Digital Subscriber Line, it runs about 6 Mbps. This service is used to supply T-1 digital servies ( 1.544 Mbps ) over standard telephone lines. VDSL Very High-speed Digital Subscriber Line is the